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This argument, if set to y, enables you to overwrite an existing password file. An error is returned if a password file of the same name already exists and this argument is omitted or set to n.

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ASM

If this argument is set to y, then ORAPWD creates an Oracle ASM password file. The FILE argument must specify a location in the Oracle ASM disk group.

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If this argument is set to n, the default, then ORAPWD creates a password file. The FILE argument can specify a location in the Oracle ASM disk group or in the operating system file system. When the DBUNIQUENAME argument is specified, the password file is a database password file. When the DBUNIQUENAME argument is not specified, the password file can be a database password file or an Oracle ASM password file.

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DBUNIQUENAME

This argument sets the unique database name for a database password file being created on an Oracle ASM disk group. It identifies which database resource to update with the database password file location.

This argument is not required when a database password file is created on an operating system file system.

This argument is ignored when an Oracle ASM password file is created by setting the ASM argument to y.

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Database consolidation is the general process of moving data from one or more non-CDBs into a CDB.

Starting in Oracle Database 12c, you must create a database as either a CDB or non-CDB. You can plug a traditional non-CDB into a CDB as a PDB. The PDB/non-CDB compatibility guarantee means that a PDB behaves the same as a non-CDB as seen from a client connecting with Oracle Net.

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The following figure shows two separate non-CDBs: hr and sales. Each non-CDB has its own memory and set of database files, and resides on its own computer. Each non-CDB has its own dedicated user application.

Figure 1-2 Non-CDBs
Description of “Figure 1-2 Non-CDBs”

The following figure shows the same data after being consolidated into the CDB named MYCDB.

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Figure 1-3 Consolidation of Non-CDBs into a CDB
Description of “Figure 1-3 Consolidation of Non-CDBs into a CDB”

Physically, MYCDB is an Oracle database. MYCDB has one database instance, although multiple instances are possible in Oracle Real Application Clusters, and one set of database files, just like a non-CDB.

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MYCDB contains two PDBs: hrpdb and salespdb. As shown in Figure 1-3, these PDBs appear to their respective applications just as they did before database consolidation. To administer the CDB itself or any PDB within it, a CDB administrator can connect to the CDB root, which is a collection of schemas, schema objects, and nonschema objects to which all PDBs belong.

See also

Oracle Multitenant Administrator’s Guide to learn how to consolidate non-CDBs into a CDB

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This argument sets the name of the password file being created. This argument is mandatory.

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If you specify a location on an Oracle ASM disk group, then the database password file is shared automatically among the nodes in the cluster. When you use an Oracle ASM disk group to store the password file, and you are not using Oracle Managed Files, you must specify the name of the password file, including its full path. The full path is not required if you are using Oracle Managed Files.

If you do not specify a location on an Oracle ASM disk group, then the file name required for the password file is operating system specific. Some operating systems require the password file to adhere to a specific format and be located in a specific directory. Other operating systems allow the use of environment variables to specify the name and location of the password file.

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For example, for a database instance with the SID orcldw, the password file must be named orapworcldw on Linux and PWDorcldw.ora on Windows.

In an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment on a platform that requires an environment variable to be set to the path of the password file, the environment variable for each instance must point to the same password file.

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For a policy-managed Oracle RAC database or an Oracle RAC One Node database with ORACLE_SID of the form db_unique_name_n, where n is a number, the password file is searched for first using ORACLE_BASE/dbs/orapwsid_prefix or ORACLE_BASE\database\PWDsid_prefix.ora. The sid_prefix (the first 8 characters of the database name) is used to locate the password file.

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You can create a database password file using the password file creation utility, ORAPWD. For some operating systems, you can create this file as part of your standard installation.

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• ORAPWD Syntax and Command Line Argument Descriptions
  The ORAPWD command creates and maintains a password file.
• Creating a Database Password File with ORAPWD
  You can create a database password file with ORAPWD.
• Sharing and Disabling the Database Password File
  You use the initialization parameter REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE to control whether a database password file is shared among multiple Oracle Database instances. You can also use this parameter to disable password file authentication.

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• Keeping Administrator Passwords Synchronized with the Data Dictionary
  If you change the REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE initialization parameter from none to exclusive or shared, then you must ensure that the passwords stored in the data dictionary and the passwords stored in the password file for the non-SYS administrative users, such as SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, and SYSKM users are the same.
• Adding Users to a Database Password File
  When you grant SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, or SYSKM administrative privilege to a user, that user’s name and privilege information are added to the database password file.

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• Granting and Revoking Administrative Privileges
  Use the GRANT statement to grant administrative privileges. Use the REVOKE statement to revoke administrative privileges.
• Viewing Database Password File Members
  The V$PWFILE_USERS view contains information about users that have been granted administrative privileges.
• Removing a Database Password File
  You can remove a database password file if it is no longer needed.

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Using password file authentication, administrative users can be connected and authenticated to a local or remote database by using the SQL*Plus CONNECT command. By default, passwords are case-sensitive.

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To connect using password file authentication:

• In SQL*Plus, execute the CONNECT command with a valid username and password and the AS SYSDBA, AS SYSOPER, AS SYSBACKUP, AS SYSDG, or AS SYSKM clause.

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For example, if user mydba has been granted the SYSDBA privilege, then mydba can connect as follows: CONNECT mydba AS SYSDBA

However, if user mydba has not been granted the SYSOPER privilege, then the following command fails:

CONNECT mydba AS SYSOPER

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To prepare for password file authentication, you must create the password file, set the REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE initialization parameter, and grant privileges.

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To enable authentication of an administrative user using password file authentication, you must do the following:

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1. If it is not already created, then create the password file using the ORAPWD utility: orapwd FILE=filename FORMAT=12.2
2. Set the REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE initialization parameter to exclusive. (This is the default).Connect to the database as user SYS (or as another user with the administrative privileges).
3. If the user does not already exist in the database, then create the user and assign a password. Keep in mind that database passwords are case-sensitive.
4. Grant the SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, or SYSKM administrative privilege to the user. For example: GRANT SYSDBA to mydba;

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You can use password file authentication for an Oracle database instance and for an Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) instance. The password file for an Oracle database is called a database password file, and the password file for Oracle ASM is called an Oracle ASM password file.

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• Preparing to Use Password File Authentication
  To prepare for password file authentication, you must create the password file, set the REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE initialization parameter, and grant privileges.

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• Connecting Using Password File Authentication
  Using password file authentication, administrative users can be connected and authenticated to a local or remote database by using the SQL*Plus CONNECT command. By default, passwords are case-sensitive.

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DBAs can authenticate to the database through the operating system rather than with a database user name and password.

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To enable operating system authentication of an administrative user:

1. Create an operating system account for the user.
2. Add the account to the appropriate operating-system defined groups.

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Connecting Using Operating System Authentication

A user can connect to the database using operating system authentication.

You can use operating system authentication by performing one of the following actions.

• CONNECT / AS SYSDBA
• CONNECT / AS SYSOPER
• CONNECT / AS SYSBACKUP
• CONNECT / AS SYSDG
• CONNECT / AS SYSKM

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For the Windows platform only, remote operating system authentication over a secure connection is supported. You must specify the net service name for the remote database:

CONNECT /@net_service_name AS SYSDBA
CONNECT /@net_service_name AS SYSOPER
CONNECT /@net_service_name AS SYSBACKUP
CONNECT /@net_service_name AS SYSDG
CONNECT /@net_service_name AS SYSKM

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The multitenant architecture enables an Oracle database to be a multitenant container database (CDB).

A non-CDB is a traditional Oracle database that cannot contain PDBs. A CDB is a single physical database that contains zero, one, or many user-created pluggable databases. A pluggable database (PDB) is a portable collection of schemas, schema objects, and nonschema objects that appears to an Oracle Net client as a non-CDB.

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Note

CDBs and non-CDBs have architectural differences. This manual assumes the architecture of a non-CDB unless otherwise indicated.

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Benefits of the Multitenant Architecture

The multitenant architecture solves a number of problems posed by the traditional non-CDB architecture.

Large enterprises may use hundreds or thousands of databases, often running on different platforms on multiple physical servers. Modern servers are able to handle heavier workloads than before. A database may use only a fraction of the server hardware capacity. This approach wastes both hardware and human resources.

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By consolidating multiple physical databases on separate computers into a single database on a single computer, the multitenant architecture provides the following benefits:

• Cost reduction for hardware
• Easier and more rapid movement of data and code
• Easier management and monitoring of the physical database
• Separation of data and code
• Separation of duties between a PDB administrator, who manages only the PDBs to which she or he is granted privileges, and the CDB administrator, who manages the entire CDB

Benefits for manageability include:

• Easier upgrade of data and code by unplugging and plugging in PDBs
• Easier testing by using PDBs for development before plugging them in to the production CDB
• Ability to flash back an individual PDB to a previous SCN
• Ability to set performance limits for memory and I/O at the PDB level
• Ability to install, upgrade, and manage a master application definition within an application container, which is a set of PDBs plugged in to a common application root

See also

Oracle Multitenant Administrator’s Guide to learn more about the benefits of the multitenant architecture

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Membership in special operating system groups enables a DBA to authenticate to the database through the operating system rather than with a database user name and password. This is known as operating system authentication.

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• Operating System Groups
  Operating system groups are created and assigned specific names as part of the database installation process.
• Preparing to Use Operating System Authentication
  DBAs can authenticate to the database through the operating system rather than with a database user name and password.
• Connecting Using Operating System Authentication
  A user can connect to the database using operating system authentication.

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1.6.4.1 Operating System Groups

Operating system groups are created and assigned specific names as part of the database installation process.

For the Windows user group names, replace HOMENAME with the Oracle home name.

Oracle Universal Installer uses these default names, but, on UNIX or Linux, you can override them. On UNIX or Linux, one reason to override them is if you have multiple instances running on the same host computer in different Oracle homes. If each instance has a different person as the principal DBA, then you can improve the security of each instance by creating different groups for each instance.

For example, for two instances on the same UNIX or Linux host in different Oracle homes, the OSDBA group for the first instance might be named dba1, and OSDBA for the second instance might be named dba2. The first DBA would be a member of dba1 only, and the second DBA would be a member of dba2 only. Thus, when using operating system authentication, each DBA would be able to connect only to his assigned instance.

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On Windows, default user group names cannot be changed. The HOMENAME placeholder enables you to have different user group names when you have multiple instances running on the same host Windows computer.

Membership in a group affects your connection to the database in the following ways:

• If you are a member of the OSDBA group, and you specify AS SYSDBA when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSDBA administrative privilege.
• If you are a member of the OSOPER group, and you specify AS SYSOPER when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSOPER administrative privilege.
• If you are a member of the OSBACKUPDBA group, and you specify AS SYSBACKUP when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSBACKUP administrative privilege.
• If you are a member of the OSDGDBA group, and you specify AS SYSDG when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSDG administrative privilege.
• If you are a member of the OSKMDBA group, and you specify AS SYSKM when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSKM administrative privilege.
• If you are a member of the OSRACDBA group, and you specify AS SYSRAC when you connect to the database, then you connect to the database with the SYSRAC administrative privilege.
• If you are not a member of one of these operating system groups, and you attempt to connect as SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, SYSKM, or SYSRAC, then the CONNECT command fails.

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