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The next step up from the basic group is the intermediate group.

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Manuals in the intermediate group are prefixed with the word 2 Day + because they expand on and assume information contained in the 2 Day manuals. The 2 Day + manuals cover topics in more depth than is possible in the basic manuals, or cover topics of special interest. The manuals are intended for different audiences:

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• Database administratorsOracle Database 2 Day + Performance Tuning Guide is a quick start guide that describes how to perform day-to-day database performance tuning tasks using features provided by Oracle Diagnostics Pack, Oracle Tuning Pack, and Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control (Cloud Control).
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• Database developersOracle Database 2 Day + Java Developer’s Guide helps you understand all Java products used to build a Java application. The manual explains how to use Oracle JDBC Thin driver, Universal Connection Pool (UCP), and Java in the Database (OJVM) in a sample Web application.
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The documentation set is designed with specific access paths to ensure that users are able to find the information they need as efficiently as possible.

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The documentation set is divided into three layers or groups: basic, intermediate, and advanced. Users begin with the manuals in the basic group, proceed to the manuals in the intermediate group (the 2 Day + series), and finally to the advanced manuals, which include the remainder of the documentation.

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Oracle Database Documentation: Basic Group

Technical users who are new to Oracle Database begin by reading one or more manuals in the basic group from cover to cover. Each manual in this group is designed to be read in two days.

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In addition to this manual, the basic group includes the manuals shown in the following table.

Table 1-1 Basic Group

Manual	Description
Oracle Database 2 Day DBA	A database administrator (DBA) is responsible for the overall operation of Oracle Database. This task-based quick start teaches DBAs how to perform daily database administrative tasks using Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Express (EM Express). The manual teaches DBAs how to perform all typical administrative tasks needed to keep the database operational, including how to perform basic troubleshooting and performance monitoring activities.
Oracle Database 2 Day Developer’s Guide	This task-based quick start guide explains how to use the basic features of Oracle Database through SQL and PL/SQL.

The manuals in the basic group are closely related, which is reflected in the number of cross-references. For example, Oracle Database Concepts frequently sends users to a 2 Day manual to learn how to perform a task based on a concept. The 2 Day manuals frequently reference Oracle Database Concepts for conceptual background about a task.

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Oracle Net Services is the interface between the database and the network communication protocols that facilitate distributed processing and distributed databases.

Communication protocols define the way that data is transmitted and received on a network. Oracle Net Services supports communications on all major network protocols, including TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, and WebDAV.

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Oracle Net, a component of Oracle Net Services, establishes and maintains a network session from a client application to a database server. After a network session is established, Oracle Net acts as the data courier for both the client application and the database server, exchanging messages between them. Oracle Net can perform these jobs because it is located on each computer in the network.

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An important component of Net Services is the Oracle Net Listener (called the listener), which is a process that runs on the database or elsewhere in the network. Client applications send connection requests to the listener, which manages the traffic of these requests to the database. When a connection is established, the client and database communicate directly.

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The most common ways to configure an Oracle database to service client requests are:

• Dedicated server architectureEach client process connects to a dedicated server process. The server process is not shared by any other client for the duration of the client’s session. Each new session is assigned a dedicated server process.
• Shared server architectureThe database uses a pool of shared server processes for multiple sessions. A client process communicates with a dispatcher, which is a process that enables many clients to connect to the same database instance without the need for a dedicated server process for each client.

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To take full advantage of a given computer system or network, Oracle Database enables processing to be split between the database server and the client programs. The computer running the RDBMS handles the database server responsibilities while the computers running the applications handle the interpretation and display of data.

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Application Architecture

The application architecture is the computing environment in which a database application connects to an Oracle database. The two most common database architectures are client/server and multitier.

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• In a client/server architecture, the client application initiates a request for an operation to be performed on the database server.The server runs Oracle Database software and handles the functions required for concurrent, shared data access. The server receives and processes requests that originate from clients.
• In a traditional multitier architecture, one or more application servers perform parts of the operation.An application server contains a large part of the application logic, provides access to the data for the client, and performs some query processing. In this way, the load on the database decreases. The application server can serve as an interface between clients and multiple databases and provide an additional level of security.

A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a multitier architecture in which application functionality is encapsulated in services. SOA services are usually implemented as Web services. Web services are accessible through HTTP and are based on XML-based standards such as Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and SOAP.

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Oracle Database can act as a Web service provider in a traditional multitier or SOA environment.

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Oracle Database creates and uses memory structures for program code, data shared among users, and private data areas for each connected user.

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The following memory structures are associated with a database instance:

• System Global Area (SGA)The SGA is a group of shared memory structures that contain data and control information for one database instance. Examples of SGA components include the database buffer cache and shared SQL areas. Starting in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.2), the SGA can contain an optional In-Memory Column Store (IM column store), which enables data to be populated in memory in a columnar format.
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• Program Global Areas (PGA)A PGA is a memory region that contains data and control information for a server or background process. Access to the PGA is exclusive to the process. Each server process and background process has its own PGA.See also”Memory Architecture”
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See also

“Memory Architecture”

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An Oracle database uses memory structures and processes to manage and access the database. All memory structures exist in the main memory of the computers that constitute the RDBMS.

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When applications connect to an Oracle database, they connect to a database instance. The instance services applications by allocating other memory areas in addition to the SGA, and starting other processes in addition to background processes.

Oracle Database Processes

A process is a mechanism in an operating system that can run a series of steps. Some operating systems use the terms job, task, or thread.

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For the purposes of this topic, a thread is equivalent to a process. An Oracle database instance has the following types of processes:

• Client processesThese processes are created and maintained to run the software code of an application program or an Oracle tool. Most environments have separate computers for client processes.
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• Background processesThese processes consolidate functions that would otherwise be handled by multiple Oracle Database programs running for each client process. Background processes asynchronously perform I/O and monitor other Oracle Database processes to provide increased parallelism for better performance and reliability.
• Server processesThese processes communicate with client processes and interact with Oracle Database to fulfill requests.

Oracle processes include server processes and background processes. In most environments, Oracle processes and client processes run on separate computers.

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Logical storage structures enable Oracle Database to have fine-grained control of disk space use.

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This topic discusses logical storage structures:

• Data blocksAt the finest level of granularity, Oracle Database data is stored in data blocks. One data block corresponds to a specific number of bytes on disk.
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• ExtentsAn extent is a specific number of logically contiguous data blocks, obtained in a single allocation, used to store a specific type of information.
• SegmentsA segment is a set of extents allocated for a user object (for example, a table or index), undo data, or temporary data.
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• TablespacesA database is divided into logical storage units called tablespaces. A tablespace is the logical container for segments. Each tablespace consists of at least one data file.

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A database can be considered from both a physical and logical perspective.

Physical data is data viewable at the operating system level. For example, operating system utilities such as the Linux ls and ps can list database files and processes. Logical data such as a table is meaningful only for the database. A SQL statement can list the tables in an Oracle database, but an operating system utility cannot.

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The database has physical structures and logical structures. Because the physical and logical structures are separate, you can manage the physical storage of data without affecting access to logical storage structures. For example, renaming a physical database file does not rename the tables whose data is stored in this file.

Physical Storage Structures

The physical database structures are the files that store the data.

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When you execute a CREATE DATABASE statement, the following files are created:

• Data filesEvery Oracle database has one or more physical data files, which contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in the data files.
• Control filesEvery Oracle database has a control file. A control file contains metadata specifying the physical structure of the database, including the database name and the names and locations of the database files.
• Online redo log filesEvery Oracle Database has an online redo log, which is a set of two or more online redo log files. An online redo log is made up of redo entries (also called redo log records), which record all changes made to data.
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Many other files are important for the functioning of an Oracle database server. These include parameter files and networking files. Backup files and archived redo log files are offline files important for backup and recovery.

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Oracle Sharding is a database scaling technique based on horizontal partitioning of data across multiple Oracle databases. Applications perceive the pool of databases as a single logical database.

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Key benefits of sharding for OLTP applications include linear scalability, fault containment, and geographical data distribution. Sharding is well suited to deployment in the cloud. Unlike NoSQL data stores that implement sharding, Oracle Sharding provides the benefits of sharding without sacrificing the capabilities of an enterprise RDBMS.

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In a sharding architecture, each database is hosted on dedicated server with its own local resources – CPU, memory, flash, or disk. Each database in such configuration is called a shard. All of the shards together make up a single logical database, which is referred to as a sharded database (SDB).

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Horizontal partitioning involves splitting a database table across shards so that each shard contains the table with the same columns but a different subset of rows. A table split up in this manner is also known as a sharded table.

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The following figure shows a sharded table horizontally partitioned across three shards.

Figure 1-5 Horizontal Partitioning of a Table Across Shards
Description of “Figure 1-5 Horizontal Partitioning of a Table Across Shards”

A use case is distributing customer account data across multiple physical databases. For example, a customer with ID 28459361 may look up his records. The following figure shows a possible architecture. The customer request is routed through a connection pool, where sharding directors (network listeners) direct the request to the appropriate shard, which contains all the customer rows.

Figure 1-6 Oracle Sharding Architecture
Description of “Figure 1-6 Oracle Sharding Architecture”

See also

Using Oracle Sharding for an overview of Oracle Sharding

Starting in Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2), an application container is an optional, user-created container that stores data and metadata for one or more application models.

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An application (also called an application model) is a named, versioned set of common data and metadata stored in the application root. For example, the application model might include definitions of tables, views, user accounts, and PL/SQL packages that are common to a set of PDBs.

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In some ways, an application container functions as an application-specific CDB within a CDB. An application container, like the CDB itself, can include multiple application PDBs, and enables these PDBs to share metadata and data.

For example, a SaaS deployment can use multiple application PDBs, each for a separate customer, which share application metadata and data. For example, in the following figure, sales_app is the application model in the application root. The application PDB named cust1_pdb contains sales data only for customer 1, whereas the application PDB named cust2_pdb contains sales data only for customer 2. Plugging, unplugging, cloning, and other PDB-level operations are available for individual customer PDBs.

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Figure 1-4 SaaS Use Case
Description of “Figure 1-4 SaaS Use Case”

See also

Oracle Multitenant Administrator’s Guide for an overview of application containers

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